It's a Fine Line Between a Black Hole Energy Factory and a Black Hole Bomb

By Brian Koberlein - January 29, 2024 02:12 PM UTC | Black Holes
You might be surprised to learn there's a way to extract enormous energy from a rapidly spinning black hole. Known as the "Penrose Process," an advanced civilization would feed material into a black hole and extract energy as some of it is hurled into space. A new paper suggests that the process could be even more efficient, cycling the material back into the black hole for another round. Or maybe this will turn into an extremely powerful bomb.
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New Types of Hidden Stars Seen for the First Time

By Brian Koberlein - January 28, 2024 11:47 AM UTC | Stars
Astronomers performing a vast infrared variable star survey have discovered new additions to the stellar menagerie. These new types of stars are normally hidden by gas and dust, but infrared radiation can pierce the shroud, revealing them for the first time. They watched hundreds of millions of stars, noting 222 that showed the greatest changes in brightness. Some were protostars coming to life, and others were ancient stars shedding material in their old age.
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Nancy Grace Roman Could Find the First Stars in the Universe

By Brian Koberlein - January 26, 2024 03:12 PM UTC | Cosmology
The first stars in the Universe were made out of the primordial hydrogen and helium left over from the Big Bang. They were probably monsterous, with dozens or even hundreds of times the mass of the Sun. They lived short lives and then detonated as supernovae. Current telescopes will have a tough time spotting these stars, but a new paper suggests that the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Telescope might have a clever trick to spot them.
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Webb Sees Dozens Of Young Quasars in the First Billion Years of the Universe

By Brian Koberlein - January 24, 2024 01:52 PM UTC | Extragalactic
One of JWST's big tasks is to help astronomers understand how the early Universe came together, with dwarf galaxies merging into larger, more mature galaxies. Supermassive black holes at these galaxies' hearts also grew, shining as quasars within the first billion years. A new paper uses several extragalactic surveys by JWST to find dozens of compact galaxies that seem to host faint quasars as young as 650 million years after the Big Bang.
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What Could the Extremely Large Telescope See at Proxima Centauri's Planet?

By Brian Koberlein - January 23, 2024 11:59 AM UTC | Exoplanets
Astronomers discovered a rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun. Could there be life there? The European Southern Observatory's 39-meter Extremely Large Telescope is under construction and expected to be completed in the next few years. Could this mighty observatory see evidence of biosignatures in the reflected light from the planet?
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The Next Generation LIFE Telescope Could Detect Some Intriguing Biosignatures

By Brian Koberlein - January 21, 2024 12:49 PM UTC | Astrobiology
JWST has shown that it can detect various chemicals in the atmospheres of other worlds, from water vapor to carbon dioxide. Although it's an incredible demonstration of the telescope's power, it wasn't designed for only this job. The Large Interferometer for Exoplanets (LIFE) is a next-generation space telescope under consideration by ESA. According to a new paper, this telescope could detect rare biosignatures like laughing gas within a few days of study.
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Life on Earth Uses Water as a Solvent. What are Some Other Options for Life as We Don't Know it?

By Brian Koberlein - January 20, 2024 01:09 PM UTC | Astrobiology
Your body's cells use water to dissolve chemicals. It's the same with all life on Earth. But could other fluids work as a solvent? A new paper reviews the potential for different liquid solvents to support life and proposes some surprising candidates, like liquid carbon dioxide, ammonia, and even concentrated sulfuric acid. Each of these solvents is liquid in dramatically different conditions, helping expand the possibilities for life as we don't know it.
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