NASA scientists coined the term "blueberries" to describe the tiny hematite balls found on Mars by Spirit and Opportunity over the last few months - it was one of the most powerful pieces of evidence that liquid water once flowed across the surface of Mars. Researchers from the University of Utah had a hunch these hematite concretions would turn up on the Red Planet, since there are similar conditions in Utah's national parks. The geologists believe the blueberries on Earth were formed 25 million years ago when minerals precipitated from groundwater flowing through sandstone.
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A Russian-built Proton rocket successfully launched an Intelsat 10-02 communications satellite today from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazahkstan. The rocket lifted off on Thursday at 2227 UTC (6:27 am EDT), and began the 9-hour journey to reach geosynchronous orbit. When it begins operations in August, the Intelsat 10-02 satellite will provide television, data and other telecommunication services to Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
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All eyes will be on Mojave next week to see if Burt Rutan's SpaceShipOne can reach 100km (62 miles) of altitude, but another team in Texas could be hot on their heels. Armadillo Aerospace's John Carmack reported that a prototype of his team's rocket completed a successful test flight this week. The rocket lifted off from the launch pad, flew to a height of 40 metres (131 feet), and then returned to within less than 0.3 metres (1 foot) of its starting position. Carmack isn't sure his team will be able to meet the deadline to win the $10 million Ansari X Prize, but they may push to make an attempt if Rutan's team fails.
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The latest image from Cassini shows four dark turbulent storms in Saturn's southern hemisphere. Storms like this are short lived, and will often merge together, or spawn new storms. This image was taken over a month ago, on May 15, when the spacecraft was 24.7 million km (15.3 million miles) away from Saturn. Cassini will arrive at Saturn at the end of June.
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The Canadian-built MOST space telescope has shed new light on how stars like our own Sun can actually be quite turbulent, vibrating and flaring up unexpectedly. MOST tracked a star called eta Bootis for 28 straight days without interruption, and measured its brightness more than 250,000 times - 10 times more accurately than any previous instrument could reach. MOST should also assist planet hunters by watching how a star brightens and dims as planets pass in front of it, similar to Venus' recent transit across the face of the Sun.
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After a long journey across rough terrain, NASA's Spirit Rover has finally reached the base of the Columbia Hills. It didn't wait long, though, and began climbing up the 90-metre (300 foot) high hills late last week. Scientists have identified several interesting rocks they'd like to study, including ones which look like they're disintegrating from the inside out, leaving a remnant "shell". Spirit is starting to show signs of wear; its right front wheel is slightly malfunctioning, and drawing much more power than the other wheels.
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Where did the world's oceans come from? Some scientists believe all that water was originally locked into rocks, and slowly leaked out over millions of years. Others believe it was delivered from space by comets crashing into our planet. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft might help find the answer. When it reaches Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Rosetta will send down a small lander, Ptolemy, that will measure the chemical signature of the comet's water, and see if that matches our water.
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Cassini hasn't just been focused on Phoebe; it's also turned its camera on Titan, Saturn's largest moon. This image of the mysterious, cloud covered moon was taken on May 22, when the spacecraft was 21.7 million km (13.5 million miles) away. The northern hemisphere is much brighter than the southern hemisphere, which is the exact opposite situation that the Voyager spacecraft saw when they flew by 23 years ago, and it indicates the moon in the opposite season.
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Using a combination of ground and space-based telescopes, an international team of astronomers have measured the mass of an ultra-cool star and its companion brown dwarf. The star is located 40 light-years away, and contains only 8.5% the mass of the Sun. Its companion brown dwarf is even lighter; only 6% the mass of the Sun. They orbit one another at a distance of only 2.5 times the distance of the Earth and the Sun. Measuring these low mass objects is difficult because there's no relation between their size and brightness. But in a binary system like this, astronomers can determine their mass by measuring how the objects interact with each other.
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Cassini made its closest approach to Saturn's moon Phoebe on June 11, and the pictures are in. This photo is a skyline view of Phoebe that shows how the darker surface has been swept away in some areas to reveal the brighter material underneath. Scientists will be analyzing these pictures for years to try and understand the mechanism at work here. The large crater in this picture is 45 km (28 miles) in diameter, and the rim shows the greatest amount of this streaking.
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This incredibly detailed image of Phoebe was taken when Cassini was only 12,000 km (7,400 miles) away from the small moon. It shows a 13-km (8-mile) diameter crater with building-sized rocks and other debris on its floor. There are additional craters visible in the image as well. The moon is generally very dark in colouration, but the brighter spots were probably caused by small meteorites that excavated the dark surface to show the lighter coloured ice below. Images that were taken when the spacecraft was even closer to Phoebe are still coming.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft made its first close encounter with the Saturnian system on June 11 when it swept past Phoebe. The spacecraft got as close as 2,000 km (1,240 miles) to the small moon, and saw incredible details on its smashed up surface. The evidence is starting to show that Phoebe may be an ice-rich body coated with a thin layer of dark material. Instruments on board Cassini will measure the moon's density to get a better sense about how much of it is composed of ice. Cassini will reach Saturn on June 30.
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A global team of radio astronomers think they might have found the youngest black hole or neutron star approximately 30 million light-years from Earth. A supernova in exactly the same location was found to have exploded some time around 1983, and subsequent observations have found a brightly-emitting object at the very centre of the supernova remnant. They still can't tell if it's actually a black hole, or just a neutron star or pulsar, so further measurements will be required.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft is set to make its first and only flyby of Saturn's moon Phoebe on Friday at 2056 UTC (4:56 pm EDT). The tiny moon is only 220 km (137 miles) across, and Cassini will get within 2,000 kilometres (1,240 miles). This picture was taken on June 10 - one day before its closest encounter - when Cassini was still 658,000 kilometres (409,000 miles) away, so the resolution of the image is going to get much much better. Cassini will reach Saturn at the end of the month.
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When Galileo went past Jupiter's moon Io, it found parts of it reached temperatures as high as 1,610 degrees Celsius (2,910 Fahrenheit). The moon is so hot because it's continually being squeezed by Jupiter's immense gravity - the friction from the tidal interaction keeps it warm. Observations from Galileo and Earth-based telescopes have seen that the volcanoes are so hot they're vapourizing sodium, potassium, silicon and iron into the moon's atmosphere.
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Here's a 1024x768 wallpaper of a region of Mars called Mangala Valles taken by the ESA's Mars Express spacecraft. The region is located on the southwest Tharsis Bulge, and it looks like it was significantly shaped by liquid water some time in the distant past. Similar regions are here on Earth, where volcanic activity causes underground water and ice to suddenly burst forth in a catastrophic flood. In addition to the large outflow channels, there are smaller ones off to the side that could have been caused by rainfall.
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The 8-metre Gemini South telescope has been coated with pure silver to give it more resolution when viewing objects in the infrared spectrum. A total of only 50 grams (2 ounces) of the precious metal were required to coat the entire glass mirror, which had previously been covered with aluminum. It didn't require much silver, but it was extremely difficult to apply. Workers used devices called magnetrons which surround a pure metal bar with a cloud of gas which knocks atoms of silver and allows them to deposit on the mirror at a perfect thickness of 0.1 microns (1/200th the thickness of a human hair).
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Astronomers have used the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite to detect molecular nitrogen in interstellar space. Nitrogen is common in the Earth's atmosphere, and believed to be the fifth most abundant chemical in the Universe, but astronomers hadn't been able to find it in interstellar molecular clouds, where it's believed to be very common. This discovery should help astronomers better understand the formation of stars and planets out of clouds of dust and gas.
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The European Space Agency has decided on how it will contribute to the construction of the next generation James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), due for launch in 2011. The Europeans will work with the USA on the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI), which is one of four instruments on board JWST. MIRI will be used to study old and distant stellar populations, dust obscured regions of star formation, and comets and Kuiper Belt objects. JWST will be three times larger than Hubble and be able to resolve objects 10 to 100,000 times better depending on the wavelength and type of observation.
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Since its existence was first theorized in the 1960s, scientists have been searching for the mysterious Higgs boson. This subatomic particle is believed to be responsible for mass, and would help explain why objects feel inertia and have momentum. Unfortunately, physicists were unable to find the particle in the 1990s using the world's largest atom smashers. A new estimate for the particle's mass from Berkeley Lab explains why it might have eluded discovery. Fortunately, CERN's new Large Hadron Collider, due to start up in 2007 should have the ability to find the Higgs particle at a heavier mass.
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Now only three weeks from entering orbit around Saturn, it's time for Cassini to begin making some close up observations. Its first target is the tiny moon Phoebe, which is only 220 kilometres (137 miles) across. The images are already better than anything taken by Voyager 2, and show a varied surface, with mountains and craters. Cassini will get its best view on June 11 when it zooms past the moon at a distance of only 2,000 kilometres (1,240 miles). It should have enough resolution at the point to see objects the size of office buildings.
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Scheduled for launch in 2006, the New Horizons mission will finally get a close up view of Pluto, the only planet never visited by spacecraft. On board the robotic spacecraft will be the Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument, which will measure the interactions between Pluto and the high-speed stream of particles flowing out from the Sun called the solar wind. Since it'll be so far from the Sun, SWAP will be largest aperture device ever built to measure the solar wind. It'll have lots of time to measure; the trip to Pluto will take 9 years.
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A new simulation of galaxy formation developed at the University of Chicago does a much better job of predicting what astronomers actually see when they look through their telescopes. The simulation is based on an extension of the Big Bang theory called the "cold dark matter theory" that describes how early galaxies collided and merged to create the different objects we see today. Dwarf galaxies which orbit larger galaxies seem to be a key to this process.
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Satellites are giving scientists a bird's eye view of deforestation in the Brazilian rainforest, and the impact this is happening on the local environment. The researchers studied many years of data gathered by NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and found that the land heated up more quickly in the deforested areas. The increased temperatures let to more evaporation and greater rainfall during normally drier seasons. This challenges previous theories that said deforestation would lead to more arid conditions.
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Opportunity has been gingerly testing the edge of Endurance Crater to make sure it's stable enough for the rover to roll in without slipping down the slope. If that works out, the rover will enter the crater today and begin 2-3 weeks of scientific study, analyzing exposed layers of rock to get a better picture of water that covered the area millions of years ago. Scientists are expecting the crater will return a tremendous amount of scientific data because it's much deeper than Eagle Crater, which Opportunity first landed in when it arrived on Mars.
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When life first arose on the Earth, 4.6 billion years ago, the Sun was putting out 20-25% less energy - our planet should have been an iceball... why wasn't it? Evidence from ancient rocks shows that there was a large amount of carbon dioxide and methane in the Earth's atmosphere, which would have helped warm the planet. But these levels were tied to early weather and plate tectonics which carried the greenhouse gasses into and out of the atmosphere, leading to several early ice ages. New research from Stanford has turned up rocks that give an accurate picture of how these gas levels rose and fell over the first few billion years.
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NASA's Opportunity rover is continuing to circle the rocky rim of Endurance Crater, searching for the right place to try and go in. At its deepest point, the crater descends 20 metres (66 feet), so operators are looking for a sheet of stable rock that will stop the rover from slipping in the Martian sand. So far, it looks like the slope is 18 to 20 degrees, which is within the rover's ability to climb back out - just barely. In Eagle crater, where Opportunity landed, the rover was unable to get out from a 17-degree slope because of fine dust at the top of the crater's rim.
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Astronomers studying the famous Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) have discovered important clues which support theories of how spiral arms can last so long in a galaxy without winding themselves too tightly. M51 is seen face on, so astronomers can see the galaxy's entire structure. A group from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory analyzed clouds containing carbon monoxide molecules and found that they regularly pass through a region of higher density and temperature. This stirs up the gas and prevents it from collapsing into regions of active star formation, and allows the spiral formation of the galaxy to last longer.
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The "X" on this image of Saturn indicates the spot where Cassini will cross the ring plane when it goes into orbit around the Ringed Planet. This image of Saturn's rings was taken on May 11, 2003, when Cassini was 26.3 million km (16.3 million miles) from the planet. There are also two moons visible in this image: Janus and Pandora. Cassini will arrive on June 30, 2004.
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We're just hours away from the first transit of Venus across the surface of the Sun since 1882. Sky watchers across Europe, Africa and Asia will be perfectly situated to watch the transit as it happens during the day. Venus' first contact begins on June 8 at 0513 UTC (1:13 am EDT) and completes approximately six hours later. You can watch the transit if you've got the right equipment (a properly set up telescope with a solar filter), but it can be extremely dangerous to watch with the unprotected eye. The Americas won't have a good view this time around, but don't worry, there's another coming in 8 years.
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NASA has given Opportunity the "thumbs up" to drive into Endurance crater; even though it might not be able to get back out again. There's just so much science in there that it's worth the risk. Opportunity has been investigating the rim of the crater since late May to find the best possible place to go in to avoid rolling over. The earliest chance to enter the crater will be next week, when it will drive to the southern edge of the crater and make a final check of the steepness of the slope.
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So you're at this cocktail party and your eye is totally captured by this vivacious and charming individual circling the room. You get your chance and approach. You start talking and when asked what you do, before your brain kicks in, your mouth says, "theoretical physicist". You're doomed. You're a charlatan and you will be exposed in no time. But wait, there is hope. Before your next party, read Brian Greene's book on The Fabric of the Cosmos and though you won't be able to impress graduate students, you will certainly add life to a party's conversation.
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A new photo of spiral galaxy NGC 4402 shows how it's being stripped of its star forming material as it falls towards the Virgo super cluster - and experiences a wind from the hot cluster gas which can reach millions of degrees. The photo was taken using the WIYN 3.5-metre telescope at Kitt Peak, and it shows how the galaxy is actually being bowed upward from the galactic "wind" blowing from the lower left of the image. Once the cold gas is fully blown out of the galaxy, it will be essentially dead, and incapable of forming new stars like regular galaxies.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft is now less than a month away from its close encounter with Saturn and its moons. It's been traveling for almost seven years and on July 1, 2004 at 0230 UTC (10:30 pm EDT, June 30), the spacecraft will officially enter orbit around the Ringed Planet. On board Cassini are 12 instruments which will be used to analyze Saturn and its moons over the course of 4 years to understand their chemistry, magnetic fields, and interactions. Cassini is carrying a passenger; the European Space Agency's Huygens probe, which will be deployed on December 25, 2004 to land on the surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon.
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We're only a few days away from an event that no person alive has ever seen: a transit of Venus across the surface of the Sun. On June 8, 2004, approximately 75% of people on Earth will be able to watch as the tiny black dot marches across the Sun over the course of about six hours. NASA and several observatories around the world have joined forces to broadcast the event live on the Internet for the benefit of those on the wrong side of the planet, or without the right equipment to watch it. If you don't see it this time, don't worry, it'll happen again on June 6, 2012 and then again in another 105 years.
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NASA has announced the guest speakers who will help set the tone for the upcoming Centennial Challenges workshop on June 15/16. The purpose of this workshop will be to define space-related goals which individuals and groups could complete to win prizes - similar to the Ansari X-Prize, which awards $10 million for the first private suborbital spacecraft. The featured speakers are Senator Sam Brownback, R-Kan., Chairman, Commerce Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, Dr. John H. Marburger III, Director, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Edward C. "Pete" Aldridge, Chairman, President's Commission on Moon, Mars and Beyond and Elon Musk, CEO and CTO, Space Exploration Technologies Corporation.
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A new photo released from the Hubble Space Telescope shows a new close-up view of the heart of the Trifid Nebula, also known as M20 and NGC 6514. One part features a region of the nebula that contains a group of young, hot stars which are blasting the surrounding area with ultraviolet radiation, and clearing out gas and dust. Another part of the nebula contains a low mass star which is ejecting a long jet of material. Previous images of the jet taken in 1997 show small but noticeable changes in its shape.
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The latest full colour image of Saturn was taken on May 21, when NASA's Cassini spacecraft was only 15.7 million kilometres (9.8 million miles) from the Ringed Planet. Cassini took images through its blue, green, and red filters using its narrow angle camera, which were combined to create this natural colour view. The photo shows subtle, multi-hued atmospheric bands across the face of the planet, and the rings show slight colour differences. The chemicals the cause these colour differences are still unknown to scientists - that's part of the mystery Cassini is here to solve.
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Well into their extra exploration time, NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers are continuing to make discoveries on the Red Planet. Spirit has nearly completed the journey to Columbia Hills, several kilometres from the landing spot, and it can already see what might be layered rock in an outcropping. On the other side of the planet, Opportunity is still on the rim of "Endurance Crater", searching for a potential entrance into the crater, and examining the texture of rocks.
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Combined data from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the Palomar 200-inch telescope have uncovered the remnant of a gamma-ray burst - one of the most powerful known explosions in the Universe - in our galactic neighborhood. W49B is a barrel-shaped nebula located 35,000 light-years from Earth. In the cosmic wreckage of the explosion, astronomers have found chemicals consistent with the collapsar model of a gamma-ray burst. In this model, a massive star forms inside a cloud of dust and gas and then becomes a black hole, creating a powerful explosion.
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Astronomers with the European Southern Observatory have embarked on a decade-long study of some of the largest structures, galaxy clusters, to try and understand the nature of the earliest Universe. According to the widely accepted "inflationary theory" of the cosmos, tiny fluctuations in the initial state of the Universe were magnified by the Big Bang. Microscopic differences at the beginning have become super-clusters of galaxies. A previous survey used X-ray observatories to identify 447 of the brightest clusters of galaxies, which will now be studied further to map out their shape.
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The first privately built manned spacecraft will rocket into space on June 21 according to a recent announcement from Scaled Composites. The company's SpaceShipOne will fly to an altitude of 100 km (62 miles), and whoever pilots it will be the first private citizen to receive astronaut wings for heading into space. Although SpaceShipOne is aiming for the Ansari X-Prize, it won't be on this attempt, since the spacecraft will only be carrying the pilot. To win the prize, SpaceShipOne will need to carry the equivalent weight for two more passengers and complete the journey to space twice within two weeks.
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NASA announced on Tuesday that it was officially considering sending a robotic mission to save the Hubble Space Telescope, instead of de-orbiting it in a few years. The agency has called for proposals from the aerospace community to come up with a robot that can be controlled from the ground, and perform the complex upgrades and repairs that previously required astronauts. They need to hurry, though, since the observatory is expected to begin failing around 2007.
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The latest image released from the Spitzer Space Telescope is of galaxy M33, also known as the Pinwheel Galaxy. It's a very familiar object to visible astronomy, but in Spitzer's infrared gaze, the galaxy reveals some of its "coolest" features; clouds of dust created in novae and supernovae, and then blown around the galaxy in winds from giant stars. M33 is 50,000 light years across and nearly perfectly face on, so you can see right to its centre - a place obscured by gas and dust in our own Milky Way.
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Astronomers from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics have found what they believe is an intermediate sized black hole at the heart of a nebula in a nearby galaxy. Since black holes themselves are invisible, they located it because a spot inside the nebula is emitting a tremendous amount of X-rays, and illuminating a 100 light-year swath. By calculating the amount of X-rays pouring out, astronomers estimate that the black hole has about 25-40 solar masses. It's unknown how these intermediate-sized black holes form, since so few of them have ever been seen.
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Most research seems to indicate that planets form around stars in only the first few million years. Many stars have protoplanetary disks at one million years, but they're all gone by 10 million years. The trick for astronomers is to find stars in that in-between age, and catch planets in the act of forming around the parent stars. One star, Trumpler 37, seems to be at that middle age and is actively accreting material at the equivalent of 10 Jupiter masses in a million years.
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A team of European astronomers has used a virtual observatory to find 30 previously undiscovered black holes. The team combined images from several observatories (Hubble, Chandra, ESO) in many wavelengths of light (from infrared to X-ray) into a comprehensive computer catalog of the night sky. They uncovered these new black holes by looking at galaxies which are edge on, so the supermassive black holes at their centre are obscured by a cloud of gas and dust. By comparing between the different wavelengths of light, they were able to spot the new black holes.
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