This photo of Saturn's southern pole was taken by Cassini on July 13, when the spacecraft was 5 million km (3.1 million miles) away. It was taken with the spacecraft's narrow angle camera using a filter sensitive to infrared light, and shows the concentric rings of clouds which circle a dark spot at the planet's south pole. As you move north, the clouds have wavy edges of turbulence as the edges of the bands interact with each other.
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Astronaut Mike Fincke and Cosmonaut Gennady Padalka spent 4.5 hours outside the International Space Station on Tuesday, preparing for the arrival of the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), which will start delivering cargo to the station next year. They installed two antennas and replaced six laser reflectors with four new advanced versions which the ATV will use to guide itself in to dock. They ended up back in the station with 40 minutes to spare from their original mission plan - there were no problems with the Russian-built spacesuits which shortened a previous spacewalk.
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Particle physicists believe they have uncovered the reason why our Universe favours matter, instead of being made up of equal parts matter and antimatter. Their experiment was done with the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the USA, which collides electrons and antimatter positrons together to produce a spray of exotic particles. Although complete opposites, the various particles and anti-particles should have similar decay times, but the experimenters found that the anti-particles seem to decay much quicker.
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NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft lifted off from Florida's Cape Canaveral on Tuesday, to begin its mission to become the first spacecraft to orbit the planet Mercury. The spacecraft was designed and built by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), and will make a roundabout trip before reaching its final destination. It'll make 15 orbits of the Sun, and fly once past the Earth, twice past Venus and three times past Mercury before easing into its final orbit in 2011. The first and only spacecraft sent to Mercury was Mariner 10, which made three flybys in 1974-75, and only mapped less than half its surface.
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This image, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, shows the strange twisted cloud structures at the heart of the Lagoon Nebula (M8). The nebula is being driven by the central hot star, O Herschel 36, and several others, which are ionizing the outer visible parts of the nebula - making it visible. Similar to tornadoes on Earth, temperature differences between different clouds of gas create a horizontal "windshear", which twists the clouds into funnel shapes.
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This is what it would look like if you were flying over a region of Mars' Valles Marineris at an altitude of 5,000 metres (3.1 miles). The photo was taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft on May 2, using its High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) at a resolution of approximately 30 metres/pixel. Scientists have constructed this perspective view of the region, which makes it easier to understand how the different surface features relate to each other.
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Here's an image of Saturn's moon Tethys, taken by Cassini on July 13, when the spacecraft was 4.8 million km (3 million miles) away. Tethys is only 1060 km (659 miles) across, and in this visible light image, you can only see a few details of its surface, including a large crater in its southern hemisphere. Cassini will make a close flyby of the moon in September 2005.
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NASA has picked 9 ideas out of 26 proposals for further study as part of its Astronomical Search for Origins Program. Among the ideas are: a mission that would survey a billion stars in the galaxy; an infrared observatory to examine some of the most distant galaxies in the Universe; an optical-UV replacement to the Hubble Space Telescope; and a mission that would measure the shape of cosmic inflation. Each program will have another 8 months to further develop and refine their concepts, and demonstrate how they can answer the questions: "how did we get here", and "are we alone?"
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NASA scientists are inviting the public to help them inspect images of Mars and find important geologic features hidden in the thousands of photographs in the agency's archives. NASA will be adding a set of surveying tools to their Marsoweb website which allows anyone to navigate around the surface of Mars, and then zoom into any region they like. NASA is hoping people can help them find interesting targets for the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) which will fly on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) in 2005.
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This image of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, was taken on July 3, one day after NASA's Cassini spacecraft made its closest approach. The image shows two thin layers of atmospheric haze that enshroud the moon (they've been brightened and made purple to enhance their visibility). Cassini used its ultraviolet light filter to take this photograph, as it's sensitive to the small haze particles that make up the atmosphere.
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Scientists from Lockheed Martin and the University of Sheffield believe they've solved the mystery of supersonic jets that dart across the low atmosphere of the Sun. The team used computer modeling and high-resolution images taken with the Swedish 1-metre Solar Telescope to understand how these jets - called "spicules" - are formed. They noticed that the spicules formed in certain spots quite regularly, usually every five minutes or so. This matched sound waves on the Sun's surface that had the same five minute period. The sound waves are usually dampened before they reach the Sun's atmosphere, but wherever they aren't dampened, spicules are formed, propelling matter upward.
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NASA's Swift satellite is due to arrive at Florida's Cape Canaveral today, to prepare for its launch in October. Named after the fast-moving bird, Swift will track down the fastest and most powerful known explosions in the Universe: gamma ray bursts. Swift has one instrument to detect bursts in the sky, and then it can swing around two high-resolution telescopes in less than a minute for a closer look. It'll also inform the astronomical community of a blast so that anyone watching the sky can tune in as well and watch the explosion unfold. Swift should help turn up more than 100 bursts a year.
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The Chandra X-Ray Observatory has taken this image of a mysterious group of stars called the Quintuplet Cluster. This dense cluster of stars is located near the centre of our Milky Way, and actually contains hundreds of young stars, but they're obscured by thick dust. In fact it wasn't even discovered until 1990 when it was located with an infrared telescope that can peer through the dust. The bright concentrations in the image aren't stars, but points where powerful winds from the young, hot stars are colliding and being superheated to 50 million degrees Celsius.
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Astronomers have tracked a fast moving binary pair of objects back to the original stellar nursery that they were ejected from 1.7 million years ago. The binary is classified as a microquasar, where a regular star 17 times the mass of our Sun is orbiting a neutron star or black hole. The regular star in this pairing exactly matches several other stars in a nearby cluster of stars, so the astronomers are fairly certain that's where they originated. It's believed that that black hole or neutron star was much more massive than the companion star, but it exploded as a supernova millions of years ago.
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Scaled Composites has announced that they will make an attempt win the $10 million X Prize with SpaceShipOne on September 30, 2004. In order to win the prize, the spacecraft will need to be carrying the equivalent of 3 people, reach an altitude of 100 km (62.5 miles), and then do it again by October 13th. SpaceShipOne will launch from the Mojave airport again, and Scaled Composites will attempt to complete a second flight within just 5 days. Designer Burt Rutan said that he's fixed the problems that hampered the previous flight, so they shouldn't be a factor.
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NASA engineers have approved the design for a new way to attach the space shuttle to the external fuel tank; one of the key milestones required to get the shuttles flying again. The accident that caused the destruction of the space shuttle Columbia happened because the previous attachment was covered in foam to prevent ice building up - foam fell off and struck the shuttle's wing during launch. The new design uses heaters to keep it free of ice, so no foam is required. This new design will be retrofitted to all 11 external fuel tanks, and be used when the first space shuttle flies again in early 2005.
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This image of Saturn's moon Titan, taken by Cassini, was taken July 3; one day after the spacecraft made its relatively close flyby. This natural colour image was taken when Cassini was 790,000 km (491,000 miles) away from the foggy moon.
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Researchers from the University of Washington have developed a theory which links together Dark Energy - the mysterious force that's accelerating the Universe - with the recent discovery that neutrinos have mass. They believe the link comes from the interaction between neutrinos and undiscovered subatomic particles called "accelerons". Dark energy results when the Universe tries to pull the neutrinos and accelerons apart. One interesting prediction from this theory is that the acceleration of the Universe will slow down as the neutrinos get further apart.
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Halfway through their 6-month mission, the crew of Expedition 9 are preparing for their third spacewalk outside the International Space Station. On August 3, Gennady Padalka and Mike Fincke will exit the station and install retroreflectors and communications equipment. This will be used by the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle which will make its first flight next year to deliver supplies to the station.
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It's mostly empty, but space can still be a dangerous place for spacecraft. They're usually filled with delicate and sensitive scientific equipment, and the first major risk comes with launch. A typical rocket launch is so loud and violent that spacecraft can be shaken apart. Once in space, they need to deal with the temperature extremes, which can range hundreds of degrees above and below freezing. They're blasted by radiation from the Sun and cosmic rays which come from deep space. And the tiny dust in meteor showers can punch holes in the spacecraft because of their tremendous speed. Engineers need to account for all of these when designing them to survive.
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This perspective image of a fractured crater near the Valles Marineris was taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft during its 61st orbit in January, 2004. The image was obtained using its High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), which enables scientists to build a realistic 3D model of the surface of Mars which can then be tilted and rotated to examine from different angles. Scientists aren't sure why the floor of this crater is broken up like this, but it could be from cooled lava, dried clay, or frozen ground.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft took this image of Saturn's moon Titan on July 2, 2004, when it was only 347,000 km (216,000 miles) away. This closer image and better resolution is an improvement over Cassini's previous images of the enshrouded moon by a factor of four. It's a natural colour image, built by merging photographs taken through the spacecraft's red, blue and green filters.
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The European Space Agency's SMART-1 spacecraft took this snapshot of the Middle East and Africa from its vantage point of 100,000 km (63,000 miles) from Earth. SMART-1 is continuing its long journey to the Moon by using its efficient ion engine to slowly raise its altitude. Operation of the engine has been so efficient, in fact, that the spacecraft will probably be able to save 25% of its fuel by the time it reaches the Moon. This will allow it to get much closer to the Moon than originally planned, and take much higher resolution images of its surface.
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If you've got some dark skies, look up for a few minutes, and you're bound to see a meteor go by. That's because the annual Perseid meteor shower has begun, and it's only going to get better. The Earth began passing through the dust trail left behind Comet Swift-Tuttle on July 23rd, and we'll stay in it until August 22. The shower reaches its peak on August 12, however, when skywatchers should be able to see 80-100 meteors an hour. This is a good year for the Perseids because the Moon won't be too bright, and the Earth might be passing through an extra filament of dust for the first time on August 11.
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The second of the Double Star science satellites was successfully launched on board a Chinese-built Long March 2C rocket on Sunday. In an usual move, launch controllers decided to launch the Earth observation satellite a day early to avoid bad weather. Double Star is a collaboration between the European Space Agency and China to study the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field. The spacecraft reached its expected altitude, deployed the booms carrying its magnetometers, and seems to be functioning normally.
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NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe made an impassioned plea to the chairman of the US House Committee on Appropriations to restore $1 billion in funding for the new space exploration initiative, announced earlier this year. In his short letter, he asked the committee to consider how the budget cuts will affect the agency's science programs, and delay the development of new technologies to support the Vision for Space Exploration.
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Using data gathered by NASA's SORCE satellite, scientists noticed that the light from the Sun reaching the Earth decreased by 0.1% during the Venus transit earlier this year. This is similar to what happens when large sunspots obscure the face of the Sun. In October 2003, three large sunspot groups moving across the Sun dimmed it by 0.3%. These large sunspots are surrounded by bright areas called "faculae", which actually compensate for the dimmer spots, and provide a net increase in sunlight when measured over a period of a few weeks.
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Cassini took this image of Saturn's moon Enceladus on July 3, 2004, when the spacecraft was 1.6 million km (990,000 miles) away. Enceladus is fairly small, only 499 km (310 miles) across, but it's covered in water ice - it's the most reflective object in the solar system, reflecting 90% of light that strikes it. The moon has smooth and lightly cratered terrain, and many features which are similar to Jupiter's Ganymede and Europa. Cassini will make its first close flyby on February 17, 2005.
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While the Hubble Space Telescope infrared camera was imaging a piece of the sky as part of a scientific survey, operators decided to take a snapshot using its Advanced Camera for Surveys on an adjacent region - they weren't really looking at anything in particular. The image contains a jumble of unrelated galaxies, including a yellow spiral stretched by a galactic collision, a young blue galaxy with regions of starbirth, and some other small red galaxies. The blue arc in the middle of the image is actually a red galaxy which is serving as a gravitational lens to magnify a more distant blue galaxy.
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A brand new nebula was discovered in the constellation of Orion by Jay McNeil back in January, 2004, and astronomers have been turning every instrument they have on this new object to better understand it. It turns out that "McNeil's Nebula" has been there for a long time, but it's only been recently illuminated by the young star that formed it. The Chandra X-Ray Observatory has seen X-ray outbursts from the star which have helped to show that its magnetic field is probably interacting with an orbiting disk of gas, causing it to periodically flare up.
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Here's a beautiful 1024x768 desktop wallpaper of Saturn's rings, taken in full colour by Cassini on June 21, when it was still over a week away from the planet - this photo was taken at a distance of 6.4 million km (4 million miles). The rings are mainly made of water ice, and the colour variations depend on the amount of rock or carbon compounds which make them look dirtier.
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Researchers have found a new meteorite which they believe originated from Mars. The 715 gram (1.6 pound) black rock was discovered during a meteorite search in Antarctica. A total of 1358 meteorites were discovered during the search last year, but this one is unmistakably Martian in origin, according to scientists classifying the meteorites. Scientists from around the world are invited to request samples of the rock, dubbed MIL 03346, for their research. Perhaps it will be able to help clear up the controversy about whether life was found in that other rock from Mars.
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Scientists now believe that rogue waves - which can reach 30 metres (100 feet) high - are responsible for most of the large ship sinkings on the ocean. The ERS Earth observation satellites from the European Space Agency have spotted several of these elusive monsters, confirming their existence. A team of scientists studied a series of images of the Earth's oceans taken by the ERS satellites over a period of three weeks. In those images they found more than 10 giant waves taller than 25 metres. A new study will track the oceans for 2 years to get a better understanding of how they form, and if they can be predicted.
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Cassini took this image of Saturn's moon Tethys on July 3, 2004 when the spacecraft was 1.7 million km (1 million miles) away. This heavily cratered moon is 1060 km (659 miles) across, and it's known to have a huge fracture that covers three-quarters of its circumference; although, this picture doesn't show it. Cassini is expected to make a close-up observation of Tethys in September 2005.
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The theory that the expansion of our Universe is accelerating got another boost this week by a group of researchers from Princeton University. They used data in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to measure the light from 3,000 quasars. They weren't looking at these quasars, though, but at diffuse hydrogen gas that sits in space partially obscuring the intervening space. The light from the quasars is changed depending on how much this gas that it has to go through. The astronomers were able to get a sense of how this gas clumped together over time, and their results exactly match the inflationary model of the Universe.
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As part of their efforts to return the space shuttle fleet back to operation, NASA engineers tested out a complete Space Shuttle Main Engine on Monday. The test ran for 520 seconds, which is how long the shuttle takes to get into orbit, and it looks like there were no problems. The engine will next be shipped out to the Kennedy Space Center for installation into the space shuttle Discovery. If the Return to Flight tasks go well, the next flight, STS-114, could launch as early as March 2005 to return to the International Space Station.
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NASA's Cassini spacecraft took this image of Rhea, Saturn's second largest moon on June 2, 2004, when it was 990,000 km (615,000 miles) away. Rhea is 1528 km (950 miles) across, ancient, and cratered. More than 20 years ago, Voyager discovered that one of its hemispheres has bright, wispy streaks that might be deposits of water ice. Cassini is expected to fly only 500 km (311 miles) away from Rhea on November 26, 2005, so we've got a bit of a wait before getting the extreme close-up view.
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NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has uncovered a group of ancient galaxies that had eluded astronomers using other telescopes. The primordial galaxies were originally discovered using the UK's SCUBA instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii, but the instrument wasn't fine enough to determine which were galaxies in the background, and which were actually groups of galaxies, or objects in the foreground. Spitzer resolved the issue in only 10 minutes, giving the SCUBA team a new method of confirming their findings.
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NASA has shortened its list of potential missions for its New Frontiers program down to two spacecraft. The first is called "Moonrise", and would send two identical landers to the Moon's south pole - which is believed to have water ice mixed in with the lunar soil - to return 2 kg (5 lbs) of material back to Earth. The second is called "Juno", and would send a spacecraft into a polar orbit around Jupiter to study the giant planet in great detail. Both missions will receive $1.2 million in funding to perform 7-month feasibility studies to see if they can launch by June 2010 at a cost of less than $700 million.
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Astronomers have detected a small bright spot on a familiar neutron star, Geminga, located 500 light-years away. The hot spot was discovered using the XMM-Newton x-ray observatory, and it's the size of a football field. Geminga itself is only 20 km (12.4 miles) across, and spins 4 times a second, but it's got 1.5 times the mass of our own Sun. The hot spot is created because material ejected from the rapidly spinning object is being recaptured by its gravity, and then funneled by its magnetic field to strike a specific point, heating it up millions of degrees.
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After several days of delays, NASA's Aura Earth observation satellite launched on Thursday atop a Boeing Delta II rocket. The liftoff was from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 1002 UTC (6:02 am EDT), and the spacecraft separated 64 minutes later. Once its science mission begins in the next few months, Aura will sample the Earth's atmosphere to help scientists answer several questions: is the ozone layer recovering? what processes affect air quality? and how is the Earth's climate changing?
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Engineers with NASA have decided to get Spirit to drive up the Columbia Hills backwards because of an ongoing problem with one of its wheels. The problem cropped up a few months ago, when one of its front wheels started getting extra resistance; they've tried heating it, and giving it rest, but nothing's worked. Spirit is now keeping the wheel locked, and then driving backwards, dragging it along like an anchor. This has saved power, but slowed down its speed a bit. Spirit will still use the wheel when it's trying to cross difficult terrain.
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Why does Iapetus have a dark side and bright side? That's a mystery scientists hope that the Cassini spacecraft will be able to solve as it spends the next few years orbiting the Saturnian system. The unusual light/dark nature of the moon was first revealed when the Voyager spacecraft swept past the moon more than 20 years ago. One theory is that the moon was coated by some other foreign material, but only on one side. Another idea is that it's being resurfaced from material inside the moon. This image was taken when Cassini was 3 million kilometres (1.8 million miles) away.
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The world's largest commercial communications satellite, Telstar's Anik F2, was launched atop an Ariane 5G rocket today. The rocket lifted off from the European Spaceport in Kourou at 0044 UTC (8:44 pm EDT July 17), and carried the 5,950 kg (13,118 lb) satellite into a geostationary transfer orbit. Once it reaches its final orbit at 111.1 degrees West, the Anik F2 will provide data and broadcast services to all of North America.
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It appears that Jupiter and Saturn formed in completely different ways, according to a new computer simulation sponsored by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. If the simulation is correct, heavy elements ended up concentrated at Saturn's heavy core, while they're spread pretty evenly around in Jupiter. This would indicate that a different process built up the two planets. The team ended up running 50,000 different scenarios based on every possible variation permitted by known astrophysics.
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The European Space Agency is considering an ambitious new mission that will attempt to move an asteroid. Named Don Quijote, the mission would include two spacecraft: Sancho and Hidalgo, and launch as early as 2010-2015. The Sancho portion would rendezvous with an asteroid, study in in great detail for seven months, and then watch as Hidalgo smashes into it at tremendous speed. The impact would slightly shift the orbit of the asteroid, and give scientists an understanding of how much force would be required to move future space rocks. Five other missions were considered, including three observation, and two rendezvous missions.
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